Reversible multi-electron redox chemistry of -conjugated N-containing heteroaromatic molecule-based organic cathodes

Even though organic molecules with well-designed functional groups can be programmed to have high electron density per unit mass, their poor electrical conductivity and low cycle stability limit their applications in batteries. Here we report a facile synthesis of π-conjugated quinoxaline-based heteroaromatic molecules (3Q) by condensation of cyclic carbonyl molecules with o-phenylenediamine. 3Q features a number of electron-deficient pyrazine sites, where multiple redox reactions take place.When hybridized with graphene and coupled with an ether-based electrolyte, an organic cathode based on 3Qmolecules displays a discharge capacity of 395mAhg at 400mAg (1C) in the voltage range of 1.2–3.9V and a nearly 70% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles at 8Ag. It also exhibits a capacity of 222mAhg at 20C, which corresponds to 60% of the initial specific capacity. Our results o er evidence that heteroaromatic molecules with multiple redox sites are promising in developing high-energy-density, long-cycle-life organic rechargeable batteries.